The over-all pattern that is emerging suggests that the Americas were colonized by a small number of individuals (effective size of about 70), which grew by many orders of magnitude over 800 – 1000 years.—-Hey, Jody (2005). “On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas”. PLOS Biology. 3 (6): e193. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193. PMC 1131883. PMID 15898833.
According to an autosomal genetic study from 2012, Indigenous Americans descend from at least three main migrant waves from East Asia
those who speak Inuit languages from the Arctic inherited almost half of their ancestry from a second East Asian migrant wave. And those who speak Na-Dene, on the other hand, inherited a tenth of their ancestry from a third migrant wave. The initial settling of the Americas was followed by a rapid expansion southwards along the west coast, with little gene flow later, especially in South America. One exception to this are the Chibcha speakers of Colombia, whose ancestry comes from both North and South America. In 2014, the autosomal DNA of a 12,500+ year old infant from Montana was sequenced. The DNA was taken from a skeleton referred to as Anzick-1, found in close association with several Clovis artifacts. Comparisons showed strong affinities with DNA from Siberian sites, and virtually ruled out that particular individual had any close affinity with European sources (the “Solutrean hypothesis”). The DNA also showed strong affinities with all existing Indigenous American populations, which indicated that all of them derive from an ancient population that lived in or near Siberia.——-“Ancient American’s genome mapped”. BBC News. February 14, 2014. Archived from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
East Asians, as well as Jōmon period samples of Japan, confirming that Ancestral Indigenous Americans split from an East-Eurasian source population somewhere in eastern Siberia.——Davis, Loren G.; Madsen, David B.; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; et al. (August 30, 2019). “Late Upper Paleolithic occupation at Cooper’s Ferry, Idaho, USA, ~16,000 years ago”. Science. 365 (6456): 891–897. Bibcode:2019Sci…365..891D. doi:10.1126/science.aax9830. PMID 31467216.
A study published in the Cell Journal in 2019, analysed 49 ancient Indigenous American samples from all over North and South America, and concluded that all Indigenous American populations descended from a single ancestral source population which divided from Siberians and East Asians.—-Posth, Cosimo; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (November 2018). “Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America”. Cell. 175 (5): 1185–1197.e22. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.027. PMC 6327247. PMID 30415837.
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